Indonesia Ministry of Environment
September 2008: The following text has been spell-checked and tidied up a little bit but is basically unedited. We hope you understand:
HISTORY
The Ministry of Environment, Indonesia, is known officially as Kementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup, KLH. Management and development of environment in Indonesia has just been blazed nearing Pelita III. However, during short that is Indonesia has many doing to start manages the environment.
The main result of expansion of this environment seems to be at awareness appearance and caring among public. It is seems to be in improvement of self-supporting effort of public like mirror in real activity and involvement of common public in solving problem contamination in area. Though, 20 years before this, the term environment itself has not recognized.
Concept and policy of environment during Long term Development-I experiences a real development means. During Pelita III environment area handled by State’s Minister of Development Control and Environment (Men-PPLH) with priority at situating of wisdom bases “ builds without destroying”, with a purpose to that be environmental and development is not be each other opposed to.
At Pelita IV, environment issues below State’s Minister of Population Kependudukan and Environment with priority at compatibility between population and environment. At Pelita V policy of environment before all is made perfect by considering interrelationship of three element, between population, environment and development to realize sustainable development concept.
Development only be continued from generation to generation if wisdom in handling the trihedron always is done compatible towards one purpose. If when area and natural resources doesn’t support resident and supports human resource or on the contrary, hence development might possibly can run, but with risk incidence [of] threat at quality and area carrying capacity.
Wisdom of convergent base at this sustainable development would remain to be hold in management of environment at Pelita VI and hereinafter.
At Pelita VI, environment area institutionally separated from population and below Environment’s Minister. Environment is felt need to be handled with more focus referring to the increasingly wide, in and its(the complex challenge at industrialization era and inside information era PJP Second (what started at Pelita VI).
Pass by quickly history of development of management of environment in Indonesia is elaborated to become three acts, namely a period of growing of Arus Global 1972, appearance International Commitment, and National Commitment in management of environment in Indonesia, and Pasca Reformation.
GLOBAL CURRENT of PRA-1972
This period the rise genesis awareness of Indonesia area welcomes World Environment Conference I in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1972, when national development enters Pelita Pertama (1969-1974), Indonesia has not recognized institute specially handles environment problem. Thereby attention to problem starts seems to be as seen at regulation compiled along with sectoral wisdom and program yielded during the period.
The regulation has loaded rule arranging exploiting of natural resources everlastingly by considering the conservation aspect. Besides conception and expansion wisdom of region embraced by sector also consideration input of area has. However approach done that there are still have the character of sectoral with attention to management aspect of area which still have not adequate.
Meanwhile, attention to environment in circle of college blazed by the University of Padjadjaran in Bandung through establishment of the Institute of Ecology on 23 September 1972.
As preparation faces conference Stockholm, on 15-18 May 1972 carried by seminar about “ Management of Environment and National development” by Universitas Padjadjaran in Bandung.
The seminar studies “ Arrangement of Problem Law Area Of Man : Some Minds and Saran”. Result of his its is formulated into Country Report RI and submitted at the conference. Before all, State’s Minister (Men-PAN) has had a meeting Environment Management and Prevention.
INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT (1972)
United Nations Conference on World Environment carried out in June 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden, can be considered to be personification of awareness of international public for the importance of same job activity of handling of environment problem and at the same time becomes the next meeting starting points discussing development problem and environment.
Conference Stockholm with “Just One Planet” motto yields declaration and recommendation which can be grouped to become five principal planes that is settlement, management of natural resources, contamination, education and development.
Stockholm Declaration calls upon the importance of commitment, sight and principal with nations in world to protect and increases people life environmental quality. environment concept of Man who introduced emphasizes the importance of operation stages;steps of resident growth rate, abolishes poverty and eliminates hunger suffered most of man in developing countries.
Conference Stockholm starts coping entangles all government in world in process of assessment and life environmental planning, firms up opinion and developed countries caring and grows for earth saving, emboldens participation of public and develops development with consideration of area.
Conference Stockholm re-studies conventional development pattern which during the time tends to destroy earth which closely related to poverty problem, level of economic growth, pressure of population in developing countries, excessive consumption pattern in developed countries, and lameness arranges international economics. present Indonesia as the conference participant and partakes signs agreement to pay attention to environmental facets in development.
As its follow-up, based on Keppres No. 16 The year 1972 Indonesia forms committee inter-departmental so-called with Panitia Perumus and Activity Plan For The Government in Bidang Lingkungan Hidup to formulate and develop activity plan in environment area.
Committee led by Prof. Dr. Emil Salim as Men-Pan/Wakil Bappenas Chief successfully formulates wisdom program of environment as written in Butir 10 Chapters II GBHN 1973-1978 and Chapter 4 Repelita II. Existence of special institute manages environment is felt to insists on that execution of management of environment either in central storey and also in area is more well guaranteed.
Three years then, President releases Presidential Decree No. 27 the year 1975. This decree is forming base of National Committee on Inventaritation and Evaluation of Natural Recourses. Its duty in essence is to analyse nationally request patterns and supply and development of technology, either in now and also in future and implication of social, economics, ecology and political from the patterns.
In this period has been done preparation of compilation of invitation peripheral and institution handling management of environment. Compilation of Bill of Environment has been started in the year 1976 accompanied [by] preparation of forming of law working team and apparatus in management of natural resources and environment. At this period some regulations related to area of yielded by various sectoral institutions.
In a number of colleges, attention to environment also starts growing with formed by institute which active in research of area problem, namely Pusat Studi and Pengelolaan Lingkungan IPB and Pusat
Studi Lingkungan ITB. Management of environment at this period still in the form of initial step of stabilization of political willingness as preparation to realize ideas from the Stockholm conference. Has not existence of special institute and regulation peripheral handling environmental problem comprehensively is handling constraint that need to soon by then.
NATIONAL POLITICS COMMITMENT
State Ministry of Development Control and Environment (1978-1983)
To execute commendation GBHN 1978, hence based on Keppres No. 28 The year 1978 jo. Keppres No. 35 The year 1978, in Development Cabinet- III is lifted by State Ministry of Development Control and Environment with fundamental duty coordinated management of environment in various central institutions and also area, especially to develop environment facets in development aspect.
The first duty is to draw up formulation of governmental wisdom about execution of observation of development and management and environment expansion. Chancellery held by Prof.Dr.Emil Salim.
In the effort settling coordination of environmental management in area, the Minister of Home Affairs follows up by specifying Keputusan Mendagri No. 240 The year 1980 about Organisasi and Tatakerja Sekretariat Wilayah/Daerah Tingkat I and Sekretariat DPRD Tingkat I which in it there is Biro Kependudukan and Environment.
One of primary law product yielded during period PPLH be specifying the Law No. 4 The year 1982 about The Basic Rules of Environment Management . this Law is basis various rules and regulation about management problem of environment like protection, conservation and exploiting of natural resources and environment, analysis about environmental impact, environmental quality standard and others.
Handling of environment problem claims study and expansion of the science and technology. For the purpose, in the year 1979 former Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) which spread over in various colleges. PSL has a real big role in education of environment. Most all educations of AMDAL is done [by] PSL below(under coordination Men-PPLH (which then becomes Men-KLH). PSL also many assisting in research area.
At 1981, appreciation of Kalpataru starts to be introduced. Appreciation with symbol “Life Tree” this given to public looking after environment wittingly x’self without expecting its the reward and achievement assessed to be extraordinary.
Giving of Kalpataru usually done at the time of commemoration of World Environment Day, 05 June, following rule from UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). In the field of observation, Men-PPLH has done watcher to not less than 5000 project of development causing increases efficiency at government-owned corporations, formulates an observation system concept of inwrought development, and the forming of observation system sticks.
This period conceived of pancawarsa observation of development and environment. Various insufficiencies and weakness still be faced, good in the case of institutional wisdom and regulation, human resource and also financing .
State’s Minister of Population And Environment (1983-1993)
Law No. 4 The year 1982 is marking that man and the behaviour is environment component. In consequence, needs existence of solidarity between aspects kependudukan into management of environment.
For the purpose, based on Keppres No. 25 The year 1983 about Kedudukan, Tugas Pokok, Function and Administration of State’s Minister Kependudukan and Environment, formed Kantor Menteri Negara Kependudukan and Environment (Men-KLH) with the minister is Prof. Dr. Emil Salim.
In this period, has been specified Peraturan Pemerintah No. 29 The year 1986 about AMDAL which is execution guidance of a project of development. Every project estimated has important impact is obliged to studies analysis about environmental impact. Meanwhile, development activity that is more and more fast is accompanied more and more the increasing of impact to area of claiming formed by a body which more haves the character of operational.
Based On Keppres No. 23 The year 1990 was formed Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (Bapedal) with main function to monitor and control development activities affecting to environment.
Center Study of Population (PSK) and Center Study of Environment (PSL) is grown not merely in country college, but also in private sector college. That moment is noted by 35 PSK and 67 PSL which spread over in various colleges in all fatherland. Existence of PSK and PSL in every province is expected will be able to assist local government in handling environmental problem in its area as according to social characteristic, economics, cultural and local biogeofisik.
Institutional expansion is accompanied with improvement effort of quality of human resource is done through education sector, especially education on population and environment, courses, training and developing of system and spreading of population and environment information. Quality improvement of human resource not just limited to government officer and intellectual, but also to educator officer even NGO and public.
Education for government officer is addressed for they who directly involved in handling of population and environment like staff officer of the Ministry of Population and Environment, officer of Impact Assessment Institution, officer of population and environment institution in province/region/city, etc.
This program has yielded 72 majors and 9 PhDs on population and non population. At present average of Biro KLH has 9 masters, even in Java average of more than 15 masters. Along with those efforts, done also ability expansion of Section of Population of Province Bureau on Population and Environment, developing system and training on registration of resident in 54 region/city of 15 provinces.
Population and environment education is executed through TOT program (training of trainers) to all lecturer in country college and also private sector with a purpose to adds knowledge of the the lecturers. Since the year 1991/1992 up to 1992/1993 a number of 152 country college lecturer and private sector has followed this program. Coursess AMDAL in PSL in various colleges in Indonesia starts carried out the year 1982. This courses in general is carried out through cooperation between colleges, the KLH Office and Bapedal.
In population matters, expansion of PSK has been done. Mainstreaming of environment to the teachers have also been done through Penataran Pendidikan Kependudukan and Environment for learning in Elementary School (SD), Junior High School (SMP) and Senior High School (SMA) in the year 1989/1990 to 1992/1993 in 27 Provinces in Indonesia works along with Depdikbud. A total of 5,108 teachers has followed the upgrading which consist of 2,330 SD teachers, 1410 SMP teachers and 1368 SMA teachers. Despitefully, 4600 headmaster SMP and SMA has followed similar upgrading.
At Pelita V the year 1989/1990 to 1992/1993 population and environment issues has been packed into ladder curriculum level of Sepada, Sepala, Sepadya and Sespa at education and practice The Institute of Adminsitrasi Negara (LAN).
At this period, a set regulation as further execution of Law No. 4 The year 1982 has been yielded, including decisions released by various department called Manual and Technical Direction.
When Development Cabinet of IV ends and enters Kabinet Pembangunan V, status State Ministry of Population and Environment remain to defended, and Prof. Dr. Emil Salim is lifted to returns to become the minister.
In Period KLH 1988-1993 is seems to be intensively is done is socialization of sustainable development and all activity of kependudukan and environment. This strategy is an effort to sustain this sustainable development relates to the UN Conference on Environment and Development or which more popular with the title Earth Summit Conference in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.
Recommendation of this conference was hardly emphasized the importance of sustainable development concept to guarantee exploiting of natural resources is not just for development in now, but also for the next generation.
In this period also, emerges the idea that population and environment is two inseparable aspects one another. Change in population hardly having an effect on in the field of environment. And so do on the contrary, environmental claimed for always has carrying capacity for life. In consequence, the policy that developed in population to differ from period before all.
Problem on population is not solely seen from the angle of demography like fertility, mortality and migration. But more emphasizing on the quality. Resident which many not forever can considered to be burden. If with quality, they can be made development capital.
In the wisdom, explained also that population problem is influenced also by environment factor. In consequence management of environment is done in such a manner that the carrying capacity is defensible either through arrangement of planology, applying AMDAL.
Environment Rehabilitation like Clean River Program (PROKASIH), and also biodiversity exploiting. Straightening of law starts developed in this period, especially since Pelita V, by starting blazes the way of cooperation with Police Institution and Attorney’s Office Grand. Law enforcement cases due to industry contaminating area have been many done especially related to pelaksaaan PROKASIH.
Important law product yielded during period KLH 1988-1993 is for example Bill of Development of Population and Welfare Family has been ratified by Parliament on 21 March 1992, which then is invited to become Law No. 10 The year 1992 about Development of Population and Welfare Family on 6 April 1992.
While in environment area, has been released PP No. 20 The year 1990 about Standard Ambient of Environment and agrees of Bill of Settlement of Space in Parliament. Minister of Population and Environment also releases Ministerial Decree No. 03 The year 1991 about Liquid Waste Standard.
Like period before all, various weakness still be faced is good in the case of wisdom, institutional and regulation, human resource and also financing. This thing is not because of development failure in this environment sector, but tending to caused by increasingly wide, intensive and the complex problems of area faced in parallel with more and more fast of development activity of during period a decay KLH.
Environment State’s Minister Office (1993-1998)
The problems of population and environment tends to become more and more wide and complex in line with the increasing of public prosperity especially at long-range development second (PJP II). In consequence is considered necessary forms special ministry undertaken handles and coordinates management of environment in Indonesia.
For the purpose in the year 1993 formed The Office of State Ministry for Environment with Ir. Sarwono Kusumaatmadja as the minister. Focussing the environment management, population was separated and released from environment institute.The new attribute girded is The Office of the State Ministry for Environment.
In the early part of this period, was successfully carried out First National Coordination Meeting on Environment Management and Sustainable Development (Rakornas) in the year 1994.
Rakornas studies and formulates National Wisdom and Strategy on Environment Management. In Long Term Development Phase Second (1994/1995-2019/2020). formulation of this national Wisdom and strategy addressed to anticipate possibility that degradation of life environmental quality in coming due to development emphasis of PJP II at industrial area.
Important result from Rakornas-I is strategy appearance and wisdom of one doors and the Targets of Annual Development (SARLITA). SARLITA is formulation from program Repelita expected able to become fundamental reference in compilation and assessment of annual development activity plan, especially financed by by APBN. Compilation of Regional SARLITA environment sector done by each province causing is expected as according to local requirement and condition.
During period of time 1994/1995 the Office of the State Ministry for Environment compiles national legislation program coordinated by National Law Development Board (BPHN). Some proposals submitted by the Office of State Ministry for Environment about national legislation program is Bill of Completion of Law No. 4 The year 1982, Bill of Settlement of Oceanic Space, Draft of Law on Direction to Stipulate and Payment of Environment Recovery, Denunciating Procedures, Research and Compensatory Prosecution, Operation of Environment Mutilation, Control of Contamination of Air, Sea, Noise and Land. This five annual period is towards sustainable development which vision of environment with main attention aimed at the construction effort of partnership of institutions.
REFORM ERA (1998-1999)
Reform brings change dramatically in political system and civics states in Indonesia, in line with that, happened change in government system. However, area problem faced that there are still centre around natural resources, population and cooperation regional/international.
Increasing size of population puts greater pressure on natural resources, one of the impact is condition of water resource stall especially in Java. Forest increasingly declines its quality and amount as result of over exploitation and combustion. Decreases it forest resource is followed also with lowering of biodiversity, the same thing also happened in coastal areas and sea. This condition made worse again with lowering of quality of air as result of the industrialization grown and treatment that is inhospitable to atmosphere like increasingly the many pollution coming from motor vehicles.
Meanwhile, human activity yields domestic waste, and this problem starts on most countryside. Urban density partakes also increases pollution load at area, impact differ from density of town is switching function of farm from agriculture becomes settlement and industry.
Explosion population peeps out poor public class, followed with the slump settlement, health problem, loiterer, criminality, and various other social problems. Meanwhile, along with modernization, happened friction of value having the character of agrarian traditional towards era public industry which for example marked with change of institution of social, change of social values.
Migration of resident from countryside to town results lowering of ecological resilience of countryside and boosts up level of town susceptance. Various above social problems affected at weakening it social control, and tends to be followed by social psychology problems. Meanwhile, variety of group and economic Iameness increasingly heightens emulation and conflict of interest.
With reference to that, hence environmental development target is aimed: (i) improvement of recognition of number of and quality of natural resources and environment, (ii) keeping of conservation, (iii) improvement of environment management, (v) control of contamination, especially at resident urban area and development, (v) operation of degradation of coast, and (vi) improvement of effort for land rehabilitation of stall.
Based to the target, hence environmental policy aimed at 6 fundamental program, that is: (i) stocktaking and evaluation of natural resources and environment, (ii) forest saving, soil, land, ground and water, (iii) construction and management of environment, (iv) control of contamination of environment, (vi) land rehabilitation of stall, and (vi) construction of coast area.
This reform period relatively happened in a real range of time short (1998-1999) and State Ministry of Environment experiences two leadership periods, that is: Prof. Dr. Juwono Sudarsono (1998), and Dr. Panangian Siregar (1998-1999).
POST REFORM (1999-2004)
Environment State’s Minister Office (1999-2001)
For the shake of pursuing acquirement of state’s stock exchange either at central level and regional, at the era exploiting of natural resources tends to paying less attention to sustainably and fairly natural resource. Exploiting of natural resources orients at short interest so that less and inefficient. On the other hand, existence of economic recovery urgency tended to become source of problems.
Regional autonomy has altered various authorities which divided to become bigger in region/municipal compared to in level of national/province. Central government shall no longer become executor, but as macro policy compiler and stipulating various norms, standard, criterion and procedure in management of environment.
Anticipates various applying implications of autonomy regions at management of natural resources and environment, steps taken by State Ministry of Environment among others is do consultancy with sector, region and the partners of authority synergy, assures again commitment of reinforcement of regional institute, strengthens environmental institute capacities, and expansion various strategic programs like: Everlasting Earth, Clean River, Adipura, Blue Sky, and others.
Internally, strategic stages taken by State Ministry of Environment during leadership of Dr. Alexander Sonny Keraf is: (i) takes care of and increases the relation of internal work, (ii) focused active stroke every activity unit, (iii) formulates various criteria, indicator, standard quality and guidance; and (iv) does innovation form of same job(activities between sectors, between on duty and other stakeholders.
Ministry of Environment (2001-2004)
In the early part of this period identified that environmental degradation stemmed from: (i) the light reinforcement and politics support from for environmental conservation in decision-making processes, (ii) the low of sanction dropped to the breaking of the rules in region, and (iii) poverty. As of the impact swampy forest still centrally at deforesting and farm, water pollution, urbanization, mutilation and contamination of sea & coast, and induction from global.
Strategy gone through by Ministry of Environment under the leadership of Nabiel Makarim, MPAMSM. this is: (i) improvement and extension of strategic alliance for the agenda of obtaining support and strength of politics for conservation of area, (ii) enabling of active and conscious public stood in decision-making processes, (iii) principle expansion “ good governance” in conservation of environment among government region/municipal, (iv) improvement meekly through usage of instrument of other law and instrument, and (v) institutional expansion and improvement of capacities.
In the early of this era Impact Assessment Board merged into States Ministry of Environment.
State Ministry of Environment (2004-present)
Environmental management at era Indonesia Coalesces Cabinet started in the year 2004 placing Ir. Rachmat Witoelar as State Minister of Environment.