REDD (UN)
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries (REDD) is an initiative of the United Nations aimed at encouraging tropical forested countries to stop cutting down their forests and help combat climate change.
It was launched in New York in October 2008 by UN secretary-general Ban Ki-Moon and the prime minister of Norway, Jens Stoltenberg, whose government is financing the initial phase with a donation of US$35 million.
According to the United Nations Development Programme, REDD will be implemented by “establishing robust systems for monitoring, assessment, reporting and verification of forest cover and carbon stocks, and building necessary capabilities.”
Interested Parties
Among the countries showing keen interest in REDD are three of Asia’s most rapidly deforesting countries - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Vietnam. Along with Bolivia, Congo, Panama, Paraguay, Tanzania, and Zambia they have asked the UN for assistance in combating deforestation.
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea have undertaken to “quick start” their efforts through developing national strategies in cooperation with REDD.
The UN recognises that enforcement and verification represent a challenging task. Enforcement is difficult at the best of times in Asia and is particularly difficult in countries as corrupt as Indonesia and Papua New Guinea which were ranked 126 and 151 in the Transparency International 2008 Index of the most corrupt. Vietnam was ranked 121.
Despite the problems, the UN wants believes Redd should be included in new and more comprehensive UN climate change arrangements that are slated to kick-in post 2012.
Importance of Redd
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the cutting down of forests is now contributing close to 20 percent of the overall greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere.
The UN-Redd Programme is aimed at tipping the economic balance in favour of sustainable management of forests so that their formidable economic, environmental and social goods and services benefit countries, communities and forest users while also contributing to important reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
Ban Ki Moon has said: “The battle against climate change cannot be won without the world’s forests—this is now clear. This initiative [UN-Redd] will not only demonstrate how forests can have an important role as part of a post-2012 climate regime, expected from the December 2009 Copenhagen climate change conference.
“It [Redd] will also help build much needed confidence that the world community is ready to support the implementation of an inclusive, ambitious, and comprehensive climate regime once it is ratified”.
Norwegian PM Stoltenberg has said: “We must reduce deforestation if we are to succeed in fighting climate change”.Through concerted international efforts we can achieve major reductions quickly, said Mr. Stoltenberg, underlining the need to work out international standards for measuring, reporting and verifying emissions from deforestation and degradation.
“The UN-Redd initiative is a quick start action programme that aims to demonstrate that early results are possible in some of the major forests of the world. And to do so through the UN ‘delivering as one’: That is why Norway has decided to finance the UN-Redd Programme.”
The Way Forward
If Redd gets the green light in a post-2012 UN climate agreement it may eventually lead to developed countries being able to pay developing ones for the emissions saved. Such an arrangement could be crucial in the global effort to avoid catastrophic climate change, and must come in addition to deep cuts in developed country emissions.
Developing countries could receive significant payments that in turn can be spent on much needed development.
According to one estimate, Indonesia has the potential to be compensated $1 billion a year if its deforestation rate was reduced to one million hectares annually.
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) are to implement the new programme in the spirit of the UN ‘Delivering as One’.
Each agency will bring unique skills and knowledge to the Programme in order to maximise its success.
Heads of Agency Quotes
Achim Steiner, UN under secretary-general and Unep executive director, said: “Unep, ecologists and the scientific community have long argued that forests are worth more alive than dead—that their ecosystem services and benefits are worth billions if not trillions of dollars if only we can capture these in the economic models”.
“Redd offers an opportunity to begin capturing these real values and will bring much needed finance to maintain one of the world’s central life support systems. With any new initiative there are risks and rewards. Redd must benefit local communities and indigenous peoples as much as it benefits national economies and the global environment. If that is done the prospects are exciting and potentially far reaching,” he added.
Jacques Diouf, director-general of the FAO, said: “Providing adequate financial resources and relevant capacity-building to developing countries, in the context of their development processes with a view to managing forests and other land use changes; to preserve the carbon sequestration capacity of their forests and to improve their knowledge of the role of forests in climate change has never been more important”.
“In this context, the spotlight has been turned on the means and ways to ensure forest monitoring, assessment and verification in a bid to safeguard forests and monitor emissions from deforestation. These will be a key component of the UN-Redd Programme,” he added.
Kemal Derviş, UNDP administrator, said: “The scope of the climate challenge ahead of us requires that we innovate in the way we do development. Reducing carbon emissions by providing countries and local communities with incentives for not cutting down forests is emerging as a creative and effective way to help us address the climate change challenge, protect vital ecosystems and support livelihoods. The UN-Redd Programme, which brings together the skills of FAO, UNDP and Unep, with generous assistance from Norway, sets the stage for this kind of ‘win-win-win’ situation.”
Some Background Information
The Programme will assess a wide range of pressing issues including how best to counter the forces that are driving deforestation and how best to ensure the needs of local and indigenous peoples are addressed in a post 2012 climate agreement that may include payments for standing forests.
Other issues include rigorous verification systems, some of which may be addressed by satellite monitoring, which can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the international community that a conserved forest remains that way.
The Programme will also look at how payments could be structured under a Redd climate convention instrument alongside the various financial and insurance options needed to cover losses from such projects as a result of events such as fire and pest attack.
By June 2009 it is expected that as a result of the various capacity building measures, National Readiness Plans will have been drawn up for participating countries so that if a formal Redd agreement is made by nations in Copenhagen in November 2009, countries will be ‘ready to go’.
The UN-REDD Programme is also working and cooperating closely with the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility; the Global Environment Facility’s Tropical Forest Account; and Australia’s International Forest Carbon Initiative.
Further Background
- Between 1990 and 2005 the rate of deforestation averaged 13 million hectares, mostly in the Tropics.
- Greenhouse gas emissions with felling, slash and burn agriculture and other deforestation effects, account for around 17 percent or more of global emissions—the second largest source after the energy sector.
- By 2100, clearing of tropical forests could release 87 to 130 Gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere.
- Deforestation is usually undertaken initially for logging and subsequently for oil-palm cultivation.
In 2007 at the 13th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) countries agreed the Bali Action Plan.
It mandates Parties to negotiate a post-2012 instrument, including possible financial incentives for forest-based climate change mitigation actions in developing countries.
The Bali meeting also adopted a decision on ‘Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries” encouraging parties to explore a range of actions in this field.
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